I think that is part of it. And he goes, "Oh, yeah, okay." Anyway, again, afterward, more than one person says, "Why did you write a textbook? Maybe going back to Plato. So, all of those things. I don't recommend anyone listening that you choose your life's path when you're ten years old, because what do you know? We were promised the mass of the electron would be calculated by now. There are dualists, people who think there's the physical world and the non-physical world. Every little discipline, you will be judged compared to the best people, who do nothing but that discipline. Yeah, it's what you dream about academia being like. But it's absolutely true that the system is not constructed to cast people like that int he best possible light. MIT was a weird place in various ways. A nontrivial fraction of tenure-track faculty are denied tenure, well over the standard 5% threshold for Type I errors that we use in the sciences. Greg Anderson and I had written a paper. One of my best graduate students, Grant Remmen, is deeply religious. It's remarkable how trendiness can infect science. This is not what you predict in conventional physics, but it's like my baby. Sean Carroll is a tenured research physics professor at Caltech with thousands of citations. [So that] you don't get too far away that you don't know how to get back in? So, I would become famous if they actually discovered that. It's difficult, yes. Brian, who was a working class observational astronomer said, "No we won't. So, I want to do something else. So, Villanova was basically chosen for me purely on economic reasons. This gets tricky for the casual observer because the distinction is not always made clear. If you're negatively curved, you become more and more negatively curved, and the universe empties out. Some of the papers we wrote were, again, very successful. Largely, Ed Witten was the star of the show, and that's why I wanted to go to Princeton. Wilson wanted the Seahawks to trade for Payton's rights after his Saints exit last year, according to The Athletic. One of my good friends is Don Page at the University of Alberta, who is a very top-flight theoretical cosmologist, and a born-again Evangelical Christian. Also in 2014, Carroll partook in a debate held by Intelligence Squared, the title of the debate was "Death is Not Final". Sean Carroll: I'm not in a super firm position, cause I don't have tenure at Caltech, so, but I don't care either. And guess what? Carroll, S.B. Brian was the leader of one group, and he was my old office mate, and Riess was in the office below ours. Be prolific and reliable. So, I kind of talked with my friends. It just never occurred to me that that would be a strike against me, but apparently it was a huge strike against me. Likewise, the galaxies in the universe are expanding away from each other, but they should be, if matter is the dominant form of energy in the universe, slowing down, because they're all pulling on each other through the mutual gravitational force. I love writing books so much. I remember -- who was I talking to? You can mostly get reimbursed, but I'm terrible about getting reimbursed. Absolutely. So, this is again a theme that goes back and forth all the time in my career, which is that there's something I like, but something else completely unrelated was actually more stimulating and formative at the time. So, we'd already done R plus a constant. It was like, if it's Tuesday, this must be Descartes, kind of thing. So, I do think that my education as a physicist has been useful in my caring about other fields in a way that other choices would not have been. Sean, one of the more prosaic aspects of tenure is, of course, financial stability. It never really bothered me that much, honestly. It's just, you know, you have certain goals in life. As ever, he argues that we do have free will, but it's a compatibilist form of free will. -- super pretentious exposition of how the world holds together in the broadest possible sense. We had problem sets that we graded. It's challenging. Carroll has a B.S. If you've been so many years past your PhD, or you're so old, either you're hired with tenure, or you're not hired on the faculty. Well, how would you know? I took the early universe [class] from Alan. At the time, he had a blog called Preposterous Universe and he is currently one of five scientists (three of them tenured) who post on the blog Cosmic Variance.Oct 11, 2005. I remember, even before I got there, I got to pick out my office. So, for the last part of our talk, I want to ask a few broadly retrospective questions about your career, and then a few looking forward. So, they weren't looking for the signs for that. Hiring senior people, hiring people with tenure at a really good place is just going to be hard. I think that's true in terms of the content of the interview, because you can see someone, and you can interrupt them. It's taken as a given that every paper will have a different idea of what that means. For every galaxy, the radius is different, but what he noticed was, and this is still a more-or-less true fact that really does demand explanation, and it's a good puzzle. His third act changed the Seahawks' trajectory. What's so great about right now? The two groups, Saul Perlmutter's team, and Brian Schmidts and Adam Riess's team, discovered the accelerating universe. I wonder, in what ways, given the fact that you have this tremendous time spending with all these really smart people talking about all these great ideas, in what ways do you bring those ideas back to your science, back to the Caltech, back to the pen and paper? No, tenure is not given or denied simply on the basis of how many papers you write. I was an astronomy major, so I didn't have to take them. Completely blindsided. Women are often denied tenure for less obvious reasons, according to studies, even in less gender-biased . Melville, NY 11747 The benefits you get from being around people who have all this implicit knowledge are truly incalculable, which I know because I wasn't around them. I'm just thrilled we were able to do this. So, I took it upon myself to do this YouTube series called The Biggest Ideas in the Universe. I've seen almost nothing in physics like that, and I think I would be scared to do that. "The substance of what you're saying is really good, but you're so bad at delivering it. [3][4] He has been a contributor to the physics blog Cosmic Variance, and has published in scientific journals such as Nature as well as other publications, including The New York Times, Sky & Telescope and New Scientist. Now, was this a unique position that Caltech tailored for you, given what you wanted to do in this next role? I'm always amazed by physics and astronomy [thesis] defenses, because it seems like the committee never asks the kinds of questions like, what do you see as your broader contributions to the field? He received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1993. Sorry, I forgot the specific question I'm supposed to be answering here. So, I got really, really strong letters of recommendation. In part, that is just because of my sort of fundamentalist, big picture, philosophical inclinations that I want to get past the details of the particular experiment to the fundamental underlying lessons that we learned from them. Then you've come to the right place. Certainly nothing academic in his background, but then he sort of left the picture, and my mom raised me. Soon afterward, they hired Andrey Kravtsov, who does these wonderful numerical simulations. We learned Fortran, the programming language back then. Carroll has appeared on numerous television shows including The Colbert Report and Through the Wormhole. So, if you can do it, it is a great thing. There were people who absolutely had thought about it. But clearly it is interesting since everyone -- yeah. But they imagined it, and they wrote down little models in which it was true. Their adversaries were Eben Alexander, neurosurgeon and an author, and Raymond Moody, a philosopher, author, psychologist and physician. Is your sense that your academic scholarly vantage point of cosmology allows for some kind of a privileged or effective position within public debate because so much of the basis of religion is based on the assumption that there must be a God because a universe couldn't have created itself? I didn't do any of that, but I taught them the concept. Be proud of it, rather than be sort of slightly embarrassed by it. I started a new course in cosmology, which believe it or not, had never been taught before. Are you so axiomatic in your atheism that you reject those possibilities, or do you open up the possibility that there might be metaphysical aspects to the universe? It would be bad. Mark and I continued collaborating when we both became faculty members, and we wrote some very influential papers while we were doing that. Sean is /was a "Research Professor" at CalTech. Garca Pea's first few years at Harvard were clouded by these interactions, but from the start her students . The faculty members who were at Harvard, the theorists -- George Field, Bill Press, and others -- they were smart and broad enough to know that some of the best work was being done in this field, so they should hire postdocs working on that stuff. So, these days, obviously, all of my podcasts interviews have been remote, but I'm thinking most of them are just going to continue to be that way going forward. I started blogging in 2004, and I was rejected in 2005 from Chicago. Much harder than fundamental physics, or complex systems. Even the teachers at my high school, who were great in many ways, couldn't really help me with that. More the latter couple things, between collaborative and letting me do whatever I wanted on my own. You get different answers from different people. The Broncos have since traded for Sean Payton, nearly two years after Wilson's trade list included the Saints. In other words, like you said yourself before, at a place like Harvard or Stanford, if you come in as an assistant professor, you're coming in on the basis of you're not getting tenure except for some miraculous exception to the rule. They were like, how can you not give it to the Higgs boson book, right? So, what might seem very important in one year, five years down the line, ten years down the line, wherever you are on the tenure clock, that might not be very important then. Then, I would have had a single-author paper a year earlier that got a thousand citations, and so forth. Do you see the enterprise of writing popular books as essentially in the same category but a different medium as the other ways that you interact with the broader public, giving lectures, doing podcasts? The biggest one was actually -- people worry that I was blogging, and things like that. Ten of those men and no women were successful.
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