attitude. In-group favoritism is an ambiguous form of bias because it disfavors the outgroup by exclusion. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) Expert Help. d. sensory cortex. Understand 21st century biases that may break down as identities get more complicated. Study Resources. When she gets home in the evening, she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). d. vivid cases. This means seeing women, minorities, homosexuals, and non-believers as inferior. In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. This best illustrates the value of, Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. The stereotype content model attends to two major dimensions of evaluating other people: warmth and competence. Peoples identities are multifaceted, intersecting across gender, race, class, age, region, and more. Psychology. What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice? As the world becomes more interconnectedmore collaborations between countries, more intermarrying between different groupsmore and more people are encountering greater diversity of others in everyday life. B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. "Them"those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. Question 1 2 out of 2 points A tendency to favor one's own group is called: Selected Answer: Response Feedback: ingroup bias. This is an especially useful way to measure potential biases because it does not simply ask people to openly report on the extent to which they discriminate against others. 2022. The tendency to favor one's own . With this preferential perspective for ones own group, people are not punishing the other one so much as neglecting it in favor of their own. Impact. b. these group categories that he fits into are his _____., an ___ is a large amount of people that perceive themselves as different from/ apart from their ingroup and more. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias: just-world phenomenon Discrimination and the implicit association test. 97 terms. triangular theory of love. "Us"people with whom we share a common identity. Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression. Calls for national unity and patriotism that do not tolerate dissenting voices are an example. Participants paid $1 more likely to change their beliefs about the task. exclusivity. For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. The tendency to see the beliefs, values, and customs of one's own culture or group as "right" or "natural" is called a. ethnicity. We group household objects together as furniture, certain domestic animals as pets, and certain books as classics. Categories are helpful because they provide a mental roadmap for how to interact in novel situations. Which of the following statements is likely to be true of Bill? People are generally faster at pairing their own group with good categories. Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world. Use each of these words in a sentence that reflects the word's meaning in the chapter. Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. (1998). The results from research using the IAT are consistent with social identity theory. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike each other not because of any real, objectionable traits about the other group. First, there is the problem of stereotyping. c. social facilitation. "learners" received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems. tendency. a. a dispositional attribution. Explanation: It is not true that narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others. d. oxytocin. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. d. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. B) We also want to know whether the members of the group are competent enough to act on their good or ill intentions. The dislike originates from each classs favoritism toward itself and the fact that only one group can play on the soccer field at a time. 6. (a) Find the demand functions, x(p,m)x^*(p, m)x(p,m) and y(p,m)y^*(p, m)y(p,m). d. the fundamental attribution error. does not simply mean taking pride in one's group; it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups. a. A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery. ethnocentrism . (Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. Whereas SDO emphasizes potential economic conflicts, RWA focuses on value conflicts. Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. In political science, Duverger's law holds that single-ballot majoritarian elections with single-member districts (such as first past the post) tend to favor a two-party system.The discovery of this tendency is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s. a. Instead, when he returns home, he shouts at his son for playing video games. . A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. This episode provides an example of, A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit. Receives a utility bill on July 2 totaling $4,560 for services received during June. "teachers" actually seemed to enjoy shocking the "learners.". We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: Situational (External) Attribution Theory. Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). In the abstract these mental maps can help us understand how to interact with new people based on educated guesses about their category. Thus, those high inSDO see groups as battling each other for these resources, with winners at the top of the social hierarchy and losers at the bottom (see Table 1). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The jury . Discrimination is a behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group. The firm does the following: b. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. In the context of the motivational sources of prejudice, this scenario exemplifies ________. Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971). The larger issue, however, is that own-group preference often results in liking other groups less. Rumination refers to the tendency to repetitively think about the causes, situational factors, and consequences of one's negative emotional experience (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action, a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members, Uspeople with whom we share a common identity, Themthose perceived as different or apart from our ingroup, the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame, the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races. d. aggression. A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. First, people are interested in understanding the intentions of others. In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs that parents have identified as necessary for adolescent autonomy? unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us feel what they are feeling, tendency to believe that something is true simply because it has been repeated many times, the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. HLT. ________ is a tendency to favor one's own group. Categories . Not all stereotypes of outgroups are all bad. HLT 1353. chapter_12_answers - CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Stereotypes are biased thoughts about a person due to the incorrect belief that the category accurately describes them. b. the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request. This example is an illustration of: If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate: (Extremes). After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. We identify o We compare Ingroup bias o Tendency to favor ones own group o. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in, An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the, Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate. c. blood alcohol. Although categorizing can be useful, it can also result in serious and negative consequences when labels are associated with a person or groups worth. A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the: "Teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress. People who score high on SDO believe that some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group equality. At the same time, though, SDO is not just about being personally dominant and controlling of others; SDO describes a preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably onesown group) and some on the bottom. Subtle biases (also called automatic or implicit biases) are unexamined and sometimes unconscious, but just as real in their consequences. What causes a gain or loss on the sale of a bond investment? Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. We might feel affinity toward people from our home town, a connection with those who attend our university, or commiserate with the experience of people who share our gender identity, religion, or ethnicity. divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. hide 31 types. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." Devine and her colleagues (2005) note that automatic prejudices subside when ________. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most: The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of, A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage, Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to, Deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers, Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because, The "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted. Ingroup bias is the tendency to favor and support individuals who belong to groups we identify with. The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. direction a . This statement best reflects the: Victoria is a fifth grader in Carson Elementary School. A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. own: [verb] to have or hold as property : possess. Then create a word search puzzle using the sentences-without the word as clues. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of, In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. Sun Microsystems uses the accrual basis of accounting and recognizes revenue at the time it sells goods or renders services. According to Gallup's polling . an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Manson, J. H. (2020). 1. a natural or prevailing disposition to move, proceed, or act in some direction or toward some point, end, or result. a. groupthink bias b.ingroup bias c.outgroup bias d. intergroup bias According to current research of aggression, which of the following statements is. The point is that SDOa preference for inequality as normal and naturalalso predicts endorsing the superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion. Social trap where 2 prisoners are separated and have to consider the impacts of cooperating with their partner or competing to get the first confession. University of Houston. We commonly say that we should not label others but we cannot help but do so. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike . After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Turner, J. C. (1975). a. warrior They prescribe "proper" behavior. Two months before the 2018 midterms, President Trump had a 40% job approval rating. Tell your classmates what you will visit and what you will do and see there. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. When it comes time to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you may still categorize it as good, but you will likely be a little slowerperhaps even fractions of a second slower-- in arriving at this judgment. Outgroup bias is the tendency to dislike or belittle members of groups that we don't identify with. Only when research participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. If people do not want to invite Margaret on vacation because they fear that she will move too slowly (a common view of older people) then they are discriminating against her. She goes against the common idea of older adults as being weak or unhealthy. a. Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike. For example, the interviewer might hold a negative view of women and, without even realizing it, act distant and withdrawn while interviewing the female candidate. Women cannot drive. which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. For example, rich people are often viewed as competent but cold. Classic examples of blatant bias include the views of members of hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and members of Hitlers Nazi party. Nosotros _____ (ir) a la playa. b. This best illustrates: Does the sender (maker) of a debit memorandum record a debit or a credit in the recipients account? Es gratis registrarse y presentar tus propuestas laborales. Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. Explaining behaviors based on a person's characteristics; traits, maturity, etc. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. This is not to suggest that actual older people are not competent, of course, but that they are not widely admired for their accumulated wisdom. Armstrong Publishing had 25% of its sales in mysteries, 10% in biographies, 15% in cookbooks, 15% in romance novels, 20% in science, and the rest in business books. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Social facilitation refers to the tendency to, Perform well learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others, Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. Answer 23:- Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own cultu . d. physical attractiveness. Influence (conforming) resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. Also called the cross- race effect and the own- race bias. Blatant bias is not a thing of the past, however. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop. Categories, then, are becoming more and more uncertain, unclear, volatile, and complex (Bodenhausen & Peery, 2009). maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m. a. deindividuation. For instance, the constitution of the United States attempted to ensure that all people were represented by the government and could participate in the creation of government. credibility. For example, a job interviewer might have two qualified applicants; a man and a woman. _____ refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.a) Conservatism b) Relativism c) Ethnocentrism d) Ableism ANS: c A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 363 Feedback: Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters. In the United States, for instance, waves of new immigrants such as Chinese people, Irish people, and Italians, were met with open hostility, with attitudes often shifting to the most recent group of immigrants. d. deindividuation. Social Sciences. Examined the impact of social roles and authority on behavior with his famous Stanford Prison experiment. C) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. In some countries, women who have been raped are sometimes sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. The process of pursuing our full potential is what he called the actualizing tendency. p.)\left.p.\right)p.). Rudman, L. A., & Ashmore, R. D. (2007). B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. A simple way to understand these mixed feelings, across a variety of groups, results from the Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence. RWA respects group unity over individual preferences, wanting to maintain group values in the face of differing opinions. Blatant biases (also called explicit biases) are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which express hostility toward other groups (outgroups) while unduly favoring ones own group (in-group). People have always and still do openly dehumanize outgroup members and harbor hostile attitudes toward them. A specific case of comfort with the ingroup is called aversive racism, so-called because people do not like to admit their own racial biases to themselves or others (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2010). Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. What term best describes Elena's behavior? After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. Employees were reimbursed when they presented petty cash vouchers to the petty cash custodian. Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. For example, someone high in SDO would likely be upset if someone from an outgroup moved into her neighborhood. social class, family, football team etc.) An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by: Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that, That actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes, The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by, The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as, Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. Female 1: I have my ups and downs just like anybody else. The results of this study showed that the participants more often misperceived the object and mistakenly shot harmless targets who were Black. Specifically, people see members of an outgroup as more similar to one another in personality than they actually are. When are petty cash expenses recognized (at the time of establishment, reimbursement, or replenishment)? Altemeyer, B. Intergroup bias. When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. b. Conformity D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. b. hypothalamus The test itself is rather simple (and you can experience it yourselfhere).
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